Gonzalez & Woods [Digital Image Processing]

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.
Rafael C. Gonzalez & Richard E. Woods
Prentice Hall, 2008

google books: http://books.google.com/books?id=8uGOnjRGEzoC
official website: http://www.imageprocessingplace.com/

Rafael C. Gonzalez 
http://www.eecs.utk.edu/people/faculty/emeritus/gonzalez/main

1. Introduction

 

1.1 What is digital image processing?

digital image processing; processing digital images by means of a digital computer

picture elements = image elements = pels = pixels

image processing -> image analysis -> computer vision

- low-level process: both inputs and outputs are images
  eg. image preprocessing to reduce noise, contrast enhancement, image sharpening
- mid-level process:  inputs generally are images, but its outputs are attributes like edges, contours, identity of objects
  eg. segmentation, description of the objects, classification (recognition)
- higher-level process: recognized objects performs the cognitive functions associated with vision

   

1.2 The origins of digital image processing

halftone 망판(網版)화
http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=270950
http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=64830

 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlane_cable_picture_transmission_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_tape

"modern digital computer"
with the introduction by John von Neumann of two key concepts: (1) a memory (2) conditional branching, which are the foundation of a CPU
+
mass storage & display systems
=> digital image processing

 
> the birth of digital image processing

- space probe

Work on using computer techniques for improving images from a space probe began at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, California) in 1964 when pictures of the moon transmitted by Ranger 7 were processed by a computer to correct various types of image distortion inherent in the on-board television camera.

- medical diagnosis

Tomography consists of algorithms that use the sensed data to construct an image that represents a "slice" through the object. Motion of the object in a direction perpendicular to the ring of detectors produces a set of such slices, which constitute a three-dimensional rendition of the inside of the object. Tomography was invented independently by Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield and Professor Allan M. Cormack, who shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Medicine for their invention.

computerized axial tomography (CAT) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerized_axial_tomography
서울대학교병원: 컴퓨터 단층 촬영 (Computed Tomography)


> applications of digital image processing 
   (1) for human interpretation
   (2) for machine perception

1.3 Examples of fields that use digital image processing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray

positron emission tomography (PET) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography
양전자방출 단층촬영술 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=281698

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_ray

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet

fluorescence microscopy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_microscope
형광현미경 http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=434197

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_light

light microscopy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_microscopy#Optical_microscopy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_map

http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multispectral_imaging

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Meteorological_Satellite_Program

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) http://www.noaa.gov

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_light

Perceptics Corporation http://www.perceptics.com/

radar = radio detection and ranging  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar

사이언스올 과학용어사전: 전파(radio wave) 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwaves


acoustic imaging
electron microscopy
synthetic (computer-generated) imaging


psi 평방 인치당 파운드(pounds per square inch: 타이어 등의 압력을 나타낼 때 씀) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound_imaging

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope

transmission electron microscope (TEM) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy
투과전자현미경 (透過電子顯微鏡) http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=432217

scanning electron microscope (SEM) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope
주사전자현미경 (走査電子顯微鏡) http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=422329


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal

tiling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3d_modeling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_visualization

1.4 Fundamental steps in digital image processing

image acquisition,
image enhancement,
image restoration,
color image processing,
wavelets (-> image data compression / pyramidal representation),
compression,
morphological processing,
segmentation,
(boundary/regional) representation & description (feature selection),
recognition 

1.5 Components of an image processing system

- sensing - physical device (image sensor) + digitizer

- specialized image processing hardware - digitizer + ALU
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit

- general-purpose computer

- software - a package of specialized modules 

- mass storage - computer memory / frame buffers (=> zoom, scroll, pan)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_buffer

1장 요약 >

1절 - 디지털 이미지 프로세싱을 정의하고, 상관 분야인 이미지 분석(Image Analysis)과 컴퓨터 비젼(Computer Vision)과의 영역 구분에 대해 논한다. 

디지털 이미지 + 디지털 컴퓨터 => 디지털 이미지 프로세싱

이미지 프로세싱 -> 이미지 분석 -> 컴퓨터 비젼

2절 - 디지털 이미지의 발전 단계를 예시를 통해 짚고, 컴퓨터의 탄생과 현대적 의미의 디지털 컴퓨터에 대한 규정을 소개한다. 디지털 이미지 프로세싱의 발전 역사는 1960년대의 우주 탐사와 의료 진단에서 시작되었다. 이후 (1) 인간의 해석(human interpretation)을 돕는 수단으로서는 생물학, 지리학, 고고학, 고에너지 플라즈마와 전자 현미경 분야의 실험 물리학, 천문학, 핵의학, 법률 집행, 방위 산업 등에서 (2) 기계의 인식(machine perception)을 구현하는 수단으로서는 자동 문자 인식, 제품 조립과 검사 공정을 위한 산업 기계, 군사 정찰, 지문 자동 처리, X선과 혈액 샘플 검사, 기상 예보와 환경 평가를 위한 항공 또는 위성 사진 처리 등에서 광범위하게 응용하고 있다.

3절 - 현재 이미지를 얻는 원천은 주로 전자기 스펙트럼이다. 전자기파는 (1) 다양한 파장의 사인파의 진행이나 (2) 질량 없이 광속으로 움직이는 입자들의 흐름으로 생각할 수 있다. 감마선, X선, 자외선, 가시광/적외선, 마이크로파, 라디오파의 응용 실례들을 예시한다. 다른 원천으로는 음향, 초음파, 전자 빔이 있다. 

4절 - 디지털 이미지 프로세싱의 각 단계들을 간략 소개한다. image acquisition, image enhancement, image restoration, color image processing, wavelets (-> image data compression / pyramidal representation), compression, morphological processing, segmentation, (boundary/regional) representation & description (feature selection), recognition 

5절 - 이미지 프로세싱 시스템은 센싱, 하드웨어, 범용 컴퓨터, 소프트웨어, 대용량 저장소(short-term/on-line/archival), 프레임 버퍼(줌/스크롤/팬 기능), 이미지 디스플레이(컬러 모니터), 하드카피 장치(레이저 프린터, 필름 카메라, 열감지 장치, 잉크젯 기구, 디지털 매체 등), 네트워킹으로 구성된다.